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Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC Статья опубликована с лицензией Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) – Лицензия «С указанием авторства – Некоммерческая».
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Политика и Общество
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Скабара С.О. Государственная политика США в отношении Ирака в 2000-е гг.: идеологические основания и практические действия

Аннотация: В статье на основе анализа работ англоязычных авторов рассматриваются идеологические основания политики США в отношении Ирака и ее практическое воплощение в 2000-е гг. На примере этой страны продемонстрированы причины многовекторности подходов США и моновариантность их инструментария по изменению ситуации на Ближнем Востоке. Особое внимание уделено основным ориентирам внешней политики США,последовательно развиваемых при любой администрации и сводящимся к отстаиванию ценностей демократии, свободы и прав человека. Вместе с тем в статье показано, что само содержанние указанных понятий варьируется в зависимости от конкретики стоящих перед Соединенными Штатами задач и особенностями политической ситуации в мире и конкретном регионе.Продемонстрировано, что насильственное поддержание мира в тех или иных регионах сегодня становится для США наиболее эффективным инструментом осуществления их внешнеполитческой доктрины.

Ключевые слова:

Политология, война, гуманитаризм, демократия, Ирак, США, холодная, идентичность, идеология, конфиликт

Abstract: This research is based on the analysis of the works of English-speaking authors and explores the ideological foundations of American foreign policy regarding Iraq and the practical steps of its realization in 2000-s. The multivectoral nature and the multi-variant approach to U’S influence on the Near East situation is demonstrated on the example of Iraq. Attention is drawn to the main landmarks of U.S foreign policy, which are being pushed forward at every available opportunity and are directed at enforcing the values of democracy and human rights. The exact interpretation of these values, however, varies, depending on the goals that are set before the U.S, as well as the exact situation in the target region. The author demonstrates that excessive force in matters of peacekeeping becomes prevailing and most effective approach in the process of realization of U.S. foreign policy doctrine.

Keywords:

Political science, war, humanitarism, democracy, Iraq, USA, cold, identity, ideology, conflict


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Библиография
1. All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year, MSNBC News, Washington, October 21, 2011.
2. Anthony H. Cordesman, The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2003.
3. Barnett M. Humanitarianism Transformed. // Perspectives on Politics, 2005, 3(December):723–744.
4. Bohan Caren Obama to deliver speech on Iraq ahead of trip. [Онлайн документ] http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/14/idUSN14301301
5. Bowman S. Iraq: U.S. Military Operations. CRS Report RL31701.
6. Bremer Paul My year in Iraq. NY: Simon & Schuster. 2006.
7. Bremer, Paul Facts for Feith: CPA History. 2008 [Онлайн документ]
8. Carter, Linwood B. Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces. CRS Report. November 28, 2005.
9. CEM OGUZ C. The future of Iraq post-US withdrawal. The Daily News. August 15, 2010.
10. Chandler, David. «The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda».// Human Rights Quarterly, 2001, 23(3): 678–700.
11. Chulov Martin Britain and the US killed Iraq. I wish I was martyred. The Guardian. Thursday 5 August 2010.
12. COCKBURN А. Where are the Laptop Bombardiers Now? // Counterpunch, WEEKEND EDITION MARCH 24-26, 2007.
13. Cox Michael, Ikenberry G. John and Takashi Inoguchi American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
14. Diamond L. Promoting Democracy. // Foreign Policy, 1992, 87(Summer): 25–46.
15. Drumheller T. On the Brink: An Insider’s Account of How the White House Compromised American Intelligence. New York: Carrol & Graff, 2006.
16. Elliott N. USAID and the CIA in Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan // Prison Planet, 2004, 1(27): 23-29.
17. Encarnacion, Omar G. The Follies of Democratic Imperialism. // World Policy Journal, 2005, 22(1): 47–60.
18. Feith, Douglas War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2008.
19. Feldman S. and Steenbergen Marc R. Тhe Humanitarian Foundation of Public Support for Social Welfare. // American Journal of Political Science, 2001, 45(July): 658–678.
20. Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq. The Detroit News. Associated Press (CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C.)
21. Final Report on THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN IRAQ. Democratic Principles Work Group,
22. Floor Statement on Iraq War De-escalation Act of 2007. January 30, 2007 at Barack Obama: US Senator for Illinois. [Онлайн документ] http://obama.senate.gov/speech/070130-floor_statement_on_iraq_war_de-escalation_act_of_2007/index.html
23. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy. CRS Report for Congress. 2003 – 2010.
24. Franks, Tommy with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.
25. Galbraith Peter Unintended Consequences: How War in Iraq Strengthened America’s Enemies. New
26. Gitlin T. Blaming America First. M. Jones magazine. January –February, 2002.
27. Holsti O. R. Promotion of Democracy as a Popular Demand? In American Democracy Promotion… . 2000.
28. Jaffe Greg War in Iraq will be called 'Operation New Dawn' to reflect reduced U.S. role. The Washington Post, Friday, February 19, 2010.
29. John Keegan, The Iraq War, London: Hutchinson, 2004.
30. Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. PUBLIC LAW 107–243—OCT. 16, 2002.
31. Kaboli K. The Future of Iraq after US departure. [Онлайн документ] http://atimetobetray.com/blog/the-future-of-iraq-after-us-departure/
32. Kim D. Foreign Policy Values and Evaluation of the Iraq War. FL, Boca Raton, FAU Press., 2009.
33. Kinkade М. The First shot // AirMan, 3002, July, the Web ed.
34. MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'. The Guardian (London).
35. Metz S. Learning from Iraq: Counterinsurgency in American Strategy. SSI Pub., 2007.
36. Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, New York: Pantheon, 2006.
37. Mission Accomplished. Text Of Bush Speech. May 1 2003. [Онлайн документ] http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/01/iraq/main551946.shtml
38. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma; the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. Harper & Bros, 1944.
39. Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin. (2007). My Memoirs from the Governing Council: Part 7.
40. Operation New Down [Онлайн документ] http://www.usf-iraq.com/new-face-of-iraq/operation-new-dawn
41. Packer, George, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, р. 146.
42. Peterson S.W. Central but Inadequate: The Application of Theory in Operation Iraqi Freedom. NWC Pub., 2004.
43. President George H. Bush, graduation speech at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1, 2002.
44. Report of the Select Committee on Postwar Findings about WMD Program and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments. Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI). 2006, September 6.
45. Revenue for Saddam & Sons: A Primer of the Potential Underpinning of the Regime in Baghdad. Coalition for International Justice, 2002. [Онлайн документ] http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/cij-saddammoney-091802.pdf
46. Risen J. State of War. The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006, р. 112-116.
47. Risen J. State of War. The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006.
48. Rubin Michael The Future of Iraq: Democracy, Civil War, or Chaos? // Middle East Review of International Affairs, September 2005.
49. Seliktar O. Ignorance Cannot Be Realistic. A Critique of the Mearsheimer-Walt Thesis. Middle East Review of international Relations, 2008, 12 ( March): 13-24.
50. Seliktar Ofira The Politics of Intelligence and American Wars with Iraq. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2008.
51. Shareef M. J. M. President George W. Bushs Policy Towards Iraq: Change or Continuity? Durham University Press, 2010.
52. Snyder J. One World, Rival Theories // Foreign Policy, 2004, 1452.
53. Summary report of Working Group on Oil and Energy of US Department of State. 20 April 2003. (Classified. Unclassified in 22 Jun 2005.)
54. Tenet G. At the Center of the Storm. My Years at the CIA. New York: Harper/Collins, 2007.
55. The Iraqi freedom maps. [Онлайн документ] http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraqi_freedom-ops-maps.htm
56. Thomas Donnelly, Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Strategic Assessment, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 2004.
57. War Plan for Iraq Calls for Big Force and Quick Strikes, The New York Times, Nov.10, 2002.
58. Williamson Murray and Robert H. Scales, Jr., The Iraq War: A Military History, Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005.
59. Windle D. Military muscle // New Scientist, 2003, №1.
60. Woodward B. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004
References
1. All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year, MSNBC News, Washington, October 21, 2011.
2. Anthony H. Cordesman, The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2003.
3. Barnett M. Humanitarianism Transformed. // Perspectives on Politics, 2005, 3(December):723–744.
4. Bohan Caren Obama to deliver speech on Iraq ahead of trip. [Onlayn dokument] http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/14/idUSN14301301
5. Bowman S. Iraq: U.S. Military Operations. CRS Report RL31701.
6. Bremer Paul My year in Iraq. NY: Simon & Schuster. 2006.
7. Bremer, Paul Facts for Feith: CPA History. 2008 [Onlayn dokument]
8. Carter, Linwood B. Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces. CRS Report. November 28, 2005.
9. CEM OGUZ C. The future of Iraq post-US withdrawal. The Daily News. August 15, 2010.
10. Chandler, David. «The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda».// Human Rights Quarterly, 2001, 23(3): 678–700.
11. Chulov Martin Britain and the US killed Iraq. I wish I was martyred. The Guardian. Thursday 5 August 2010.
12. COCKBURN A. Where are the Laptop Bombardiers Now? // Counterpunch, WEEKEND EDITION MARCH 24-26, 2007.
13. Cox Michael, Ikenberry G. John and Takashi Inoguchi American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
14. Diamond L. Promoting Democracy. // Foreign Policy, 1992, 87(Summer): 25–46.
15. Drumheller T. On the Brink: An Insider’s Account of How the White House Compromised American Intelligence. New York: Carrol & Graff, 2006.
16. Elliott N. USAID and the CIA in Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan // Prison Planet, 2004, 1(27): 23-29.
17. Encarnacion, Omar G. The Follies of Democratic Imperialism. // World Policy Journal, 2005, 22(1): 47–60.
18. Feith, Douglas War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2008.
19. Feldman S. and Steenbergen Marc R. The Humanitarian Foundation of Public Support for Social Welfare. // American Journal of Political Science, 2001, 45(July): 658–678.
20. Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq. The Detroit News. Associated Press (CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C.)
21. Final Report on THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN IRAQ. Democratic Principles Work Group,
22. Floor Statement on Iraq War De-escalation Act of 2007. January 30, 2007 at Barack Obama: US Senator for Illinois. [Onlayn dokument] http://obama.senate.gov/speech/070130-floor_statement_on_iraq_war_de-escalation_act_of_2007/index.html
23. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy. CRS Report for Congress. 2003 – 2010.
24. Franks, Tommy with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.
25. Galbraith Peter Unintended Consequences: How War in Iraq Strengthened America’s Enemies. New
26. Gitlin T. Blaming America First. M. Jones magazine. January –February, 2002.
27. Holsti O. R. Promotion of Democracy as a Popular Demand? In American Democracy Promotion… . 2000.
28. Jaffe Greg War in Iraq will be called 'Operation New Dawn' to reflect reduced U.S. role. The Washington Post, Friday, February 19, 2010.
29. John Keegan, The Iraq War, London: Hutchinson, 2004.
30. Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. PUBLIC LAW 107–243—OCT. 16, 2002.
31. Kaboli K. The Future of Iraq after US departure. [Onlayn dokument] http://atimetobetray.com/blog/the-future-of-iraq-after-us-departure/
32. Kim D. Foreign Policy Values and Evaluation of the Iraq War. FL, Boca Raton, FAU Press., 2009.
33. Kinkade M. The First shot // AirMan, 3002, July, the Web ed.
34. MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'. The Guardian (London).
35. Metz S. Learning from Iraq: Counterinsurgency in American Strategy. SSI Pub., 2007.
36. Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, New York: Pantheon, 2006.
37. Mission Accomplished. Text Of Bush Speech. May 1 2003. [Onlayn dokument] http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/01/iraq/main551946.shtml
38. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma; the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. Harper & Bros, 1944.
39. Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin. (2007). My Memoirs from the Governing Council: Part 7.
40. Operation New Down [Onlayn dokument] http://www.usf-iraq.com/new-face-of-iraq/operation-new-dawn
41. Packer, George, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, r. 146.
42. Peterson S.W. Central but Inadequate: The Application of Theory in Operation Iraqi Freedom. NWC Pub., 2004.
43. President George H. Bush, graduation speech at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1, 2002.
44. Report of the Select Committee on Postwar Findings about WMD Program and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments. Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI). 2006, September 6.
45. Revenue for Saddam & Sons: A Primer of the Potential Underpinning of the Regime in Baghdad. Coalition for International Justice, 2002. [Onlayn dokument] http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/cij-saddammoney-091802.pdf
46. Risen J. State of War. The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006, r. 112-116.
47. Risen J. State of War. The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006.
48. Rubin Michael The Future of Iraq: Democracy, Civil War, or Chaos? // Middle East Review of International Affairs, September 2005.
49. Seliktar O. Ignorance Cannot Be Realistic. A Critique of the Mearsheimer-Walt Thesis. Middle East Review of international Relations, 2008, 12 ( March): 13-24.
50. Seliktar Ofira The Politics of Intelligence and American Wars with Iraq. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2008.
51. Shareef M. J. M. President George W. Bushs Policy Towards Iraq: Change or Continuity? Durham University Press, 2010.
52. Snyder J. One World, Rival Theories // Foreign Policy, 2004, 1452.
53. Summary report of Working Group on Oil and Energy of US Department of State. 20 April 2003. (Classified. Unclassified in 22 Jun 2005.)
54. Tenet G. At the Center of the Storm. My Years at the CIA. New York: Harper/Collins, 2007.
55. The Iraqi freedom maps. [Onlayn dokument] http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraqi_freedom-ops-maps.htm
56. Thomas Donnelly, Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Strategic Assessment, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 2004.
57. War Plan for Iraq Calls for Big Force and Quick Strikes, The New York Times, Nov.10, 2002.
58. Williamson Murray and Robert H. Scales, Jr., The Iraq War: A Military History, Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005.
59. Windle D. Military muscle // New Scientist, 2003, №1.
60. Woodward B. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004
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