Перевести страницу на:  
Nota Bene. Books, journals, publishing technologies.
Please select your language to translate the article


You can just close the window to don't translate ☒
Библиотека
 ваш профиль
Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC Статья опубликована с лицензией Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) – Лицензия «С указанием авторства – Некоммерческая».
Вернуться к содержанию

Право и политика
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Саврыга К.П. Война с терроризмом как вооруженный конфликт: de lege lata и de lege ferenda

Аннотация: В современноем мире перед многими государствами встала серьезная угроза тероризма. Террористические организации на сегодняшний день часто предтавляют собой более серьезную силу, нежели несколько десятилетий назад, многие в настоящее время (например Исламское Государство) обладают венными возможностями сравнимыми с некоторыми государствами. Что ставит перед мировым сообществом вопрос о допустимости применения парадигмы вооруженного конфликта к отношениям по борьбе с указанными террористами, так как она дает государству больше возможностей для применения силы в отношении противника, нежели парадигма прав человека. В настоящей статье автор исследует основные источники международного гуманитарного права: договора, протоколы дипломатических конференций и судебные решения для того, что бы определить возможно ли квалифицировать войну с терроризмом как вооруженный конфликт. Также исследуются различные доктринальные подходы, характеризующие войну с терроризмом как третью форму вооруженного конфликта. В конце, автор приходит к выводу, что de lege lata война с терроризмом не может считатья вооруженным конфликтом, так как для международного вооруденного конфликта террористической организации не достает правосубъектности, а для вооруженного конфликта немеждународного характера, насиле, которое совершается террористическими группа как правило не удовлетворяет критеорию интенсивности (однако существуют редкие исключения). Однако, это не препятствует квалификации отдельных эпизодов войны с терроризмом как вооруженных конфликтов. Касаемо вопроса de lege ferenda, автор приходит к выводу об отсутствии оснований для регулирования войны с терроризмом правом вооруженных конфликтов.

Ключевые слова:

терроризм, право вооруженных конфликтов, немеждународный вооруженный конфликт, международный вооруженный конфликт, вооруженный конфликт, международное гуманитарное право, война с терроризмом, международное право, негосударственные акторы, ответственость государства

Abstract: In the modern world many nations face the serious threat of terrorism. Today, the terrorist organizations often represent a more powerful force than few decades ago, and many of them currently (for example the so-called Islamic State or ISIS) possess military capabilities comparable to some countries, which poses before the global community a question of allowance of application of the paradigm of an armed conflict to the relations on the fight with the aforementioned terrorists, as it gives the state greater freedom of using force against the enemy than the paradigm of human rights. The author studies various doctrinal approaches that characterize war on terror as the third form of armed conflict. In the end, the author concludes that the de lege lata war on terror cannot be considered an armed conflict, since for an international armed conflict the terrorist organization lacks corporate personhood, and for non-international military conflict, the violence that is caused by the terrorist organizations usually does not meet the criteria of intensity (even though there are some exceptions).  

Keywords:

international humanitarian law, armed conflict, international armed conflict, non-international armed conflict, law of armed conlfict, terrorism, war on terror, international law, non-state actors, state responsibility


Эта статья может быть бесплатно загружена в формате PDF для чтения. Обращаем ваше внимание на необходимость соблюдения авторских прав, указания библиографической ссылки на статью при цитировании.

Скачать статью

Библиография
1. Abresch W. A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya // European Journal of International Law. 2005.vol.16, pp. 741-767.
2. Anderson K. Targeted Killing in US counter Terrorism Strategy in: Wittes D. (ed.) Legislating War on Terror: An Agenda for the Reform.Washington.2009.P.358-359.
3. Ansah T. War: Rhetoric & Norm Creation in Response to Terror// Virginia Journal of International Law. (2003).vol.43, pp. 800-818
4. Arai-Takahashi Y. Disentangling Legal Quagmires: The Legal Characterization of the Armed Conflicts in Afganistan since 6/7 October 2001 and Question of Prisoner of War Status // Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.2002.P.66
5. Arnold R. Terrorism and IHL: Common Denominator? In Arnold R., Hildbrand P. (eds) International Humanitarian Law and the 21th Century Conflicts: Changes and Challenges.Lausanne.2005.P.21;
6. Associated Press, Prisoner Abuse Bush Order, 22 June 2004, § 2( a).
7. Aust H. The Normative Environment for Peace-On the Contribution of the ILC's Articles on State Responsibility in: Nolte G. (ed.), Peace through International Law: The Role of the International Law Commission, Heidelberg. 2009, pp.41
8. Baxi U. The "War on Terror" and the "War of Terror": Nomadic Multitudes, Aggressive Incumbents, and the "New" International Law // Osgoode Hall Law .Jornal (2005).vol.43, pp. 8-10;
9. Beard J. Military Action Against Terrorist under International Law. American’s New War on Terror: The Case of Self-Defense under International Law // Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 2002.vol.25, pp.578-582
10. Biggio F., Neutralising the Threat: Reconsidering Existing Doctrines in the Emerging War on Terrorism // Case West Reserve Journal of Internationa Law.2002.vol.34.P.4 ;
11. Borch F. Comparing Perl-Harbor and 9/11: Intelligence Failure? American Unpreparedness? Military Responsibility? // Journal of Military History.2003.vol.67.P.856
12. Borelli S. Treatment of Terrorist Suspects Captured Abroad in the War on Terror // International Review of the Red Cross.2005.vol.857.P.45-46;
13. Brooks R. War Everywhere: Rights, National Security Law, and the Law of Armed Conflicts in the Age of Terror // University Pennsylvania Law Review.2004.vol.153.P.714
14. Byers M., Nolte G. (eds.), United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, Cambridge 2003; Frowein J. Der Terrorismus als Herausforderrung fur das Volkerrecht // Zeitschrift fur auslandishes offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht.2002.P. 885-889;
15. Cassese A. International Law. Oxford.2005.P. 249
16. Cherkasov A., Lokshina T. Chechnya: 10 Years of Armed Conflict. Helsenky Monitor.2005.P.145;
17. Dalton J. What is War? Terrorism as War After 9/11 // Journal of International and Comparative Law.2006.vol.12.pp. 529
18. Detter I. The Laws of War. Cambridge.2000.p.185
19. Dinstein Y. Comments on the Presentations by Nico Krisch and Carsten Stahn in: Walter C., Voneky S., Roben V., Schorkopf F. (eds.), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, Berlin 2004, pp 920
20. Diplomatic Conference 1949, Final Record,Vol.2-B,p.337;
21. European Commission for Democracy through Law, Opinion N.245/2003,para.11
22. Fizpatrick J. Jurisdiction of Military Commissions and the Ambiguous War on Terror // American Journal of International Law.2002.vol.96.P.350;
23. Fleischer A., White House press statement, 7 May 2003: Statement by the Press Secretary on the Geneva Convention
24. Franck T. Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense // American Journal of Internationa Law.2001.vol.95. pp. 839-842;
25. Frowein J. Der Terrorismus als Herausforderrung fur das Volkerrecht // Zeitschrift fur auslandishes offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht.2002.P.889;
26. George W. Bush, White House press conference, 11 October 2001.
27. George W. Bush, White House press statement: Statement by the President in Address to the Nation, 11 September 2001;
28. Goldman R. Certain Legal Questions and Issues Raised by the September 11`' Attacks // Human Rights Brief.2001.vol.9 .pp. 2-4;
29. Greenwood C. War, Terrorism nad International Law // Current Legal Problems.2004.vol.56.P.529;
30. Gross E. The Struggle for Democracy Against Terrorism: Lessons from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Isarael. Charlottesvile.2006.P.53-54
31. Gross, 15 Fla. J. Intl L. (2003), at 433-443.
32. Guiora A. Targetd Killing as Active Self-Defense // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law.2004.vol.36.P.331
33. IACiHR, Abella (La Tablada) Case, para. 155
34. ICJ, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, Judgment of February 26, 2007, para. 404
35. ICJ, Corfu Channel, Merits, Judgment of April 9, 1949, I.C.J. Reports 1949, pp.18; Jennings R., Watts A. (eds.), Oppenheim's International Law, Vol. I (Peace), 9`' ed., Harlow 1992, pp. 449-551.
36. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Nicaragua v. United States of America, Judgment (Merits) of June 27, 1986, I.C.J. Reports 1986, pp. 14-150, at 50-51 (para. 86).
37. ICJ, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, United States of America v. Iran, Merits, Judgment of May 24, 1980, I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 35 (para. 74).
38. ICRC, Report Institute of International Humanitarian Law/ICRC-Roundtable.2003.P.6
39. ICTR, Akayesu Case (Judgment of 2 September 1998), para.619
40. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic and Mario Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2 ("Lasva Valley"), Judgment of February 26, 2001, para. 66.
41. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment (Merits Appeal) of July 15, 1999, reprinted in: 124 Intl L.R. (2003), pp. 118-119 (para. 137).
42. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment of May 7, 1997, reprinted in: 112 Int'l L.R. (1999), pp. 1-285, at 188-192 (paras. 584-588).
43. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on jurisdiction of October 2, 1995, reprinted in: 105 Int'l L.R. (1997), pp. 419-648, at 495-497 (paras. 79-80).
44. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic, Case No. IT-95-14-T, ("Lasva Valley"), Judgment of March 3, 2000, reprinted in: 122 Intl L.R. (2002), pp. 1-250, at 43 (paras. 75-76);
45. ICTY, Tadic Case (Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995), para. 70; ICTY, Delalic Case (Judgment of 16 November 1998), para. 184
46. Israeli Supream Court. Public Committee against Torture in Israel, H.C.J. 5100/94, Judgment September 6, 1999. // Judgment of the Israel Supream Court: Fighting Terrorism within Law. Jerusalem.2005.P.375-408
47. Jinks D. The Applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the "Global War on Terrorism // Virginia Journal of International Law.2005.vol.46.pp.182;
48. Kooijmans P. Is there a Change in the his ad Bellum and if so, What Does it mean for the lus in Bello?', in: Lijnzaad L., von Sam-beck J., Tahzib-Lie B. (eds.), Making the Voice of Humanity Heard: Essays on Humanitarian Assistance and International Humanitarian Law in Honour of HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Leiden. 2004, pp. 235
49. Kotzur M. Krieg gegen den Terrorismus"-politische Rhetorik oder neue Konturen des "Kriegsbegriffes" im Volkerrecht? // 40 AVR (2002), pp. 454-479.
50. KretzimerD. Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorist: Extrajudicial Execution or Legitimate Means of Defence? // European Journal of International Law.2005.vol.16.P.194
51. Lavoyer J-P. International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism in Lijnzaad L., von Sam-beck J., Tahzib-Lie B. (eds.), Making the Voice of Humanity Heard: Essays on Humanitarian Assistance and International Humanitarian Law in Honour of HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Leiden. 2004, pp. 262
52. Lietzau W. Combating Terrorism: The Consequences of Moving from Law Enforcement to War in Wippman D.; Evangelista M. (eds.), New Wars, New Laws? Applying the Laws of War in 21" Century Conflicts, Ardsley, N.Y. 2005, pp. 31-51, at 41-47;
53. McCarthy A. Terrorism on Trial: The Trials of al Qaeda // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law.2004.vol.36.P.518-520
54. Melzer N. Targeted Killing in International law.Oxford.2010.P.262-269;
55. Meron T. Classification of Armed Conflicts in Former Yugoslavia: Nicaragua Fallout // Amercan Journal of International Law.1998.vol.92.P.237
56. Neuman G. Humanitarian Law and Counterterrorst Force // European journal of International Law.2003.vol. 14.P.296;
57. Newton M. Unlawfull Belligerency After September 11: History Revisited and Law Revised in Wippman D., Evangelista M. New Wars, New Laws? Applying the Laws of War in 21th Century Conflicts.New York. 2005.P.79
58. OAS, Convocation of the Twenty-Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs to Serve as Organ of Consultation in Application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, OEA/Ser G, CP/RES. 797 (1293/01), September 19, 2001;
59. OAS, Twenty-Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Resolution on Terrorist Threat to the Americas, OEA/Ser.F/I1.24, RC.24/RES.1 /01 (September 21, 2001).;
60. O'Connell M. The Legal Case Against the Global War on Terror // 36 Case W. Res. J. Intl L. (2004).vol.36, pp. 349-357, at 349;
61. Otto R. Targeted Killing and International Law.Springer.2010. P.486
62. Patel King F., Swaak-Goldman O. The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the “War against Terrorism” // Hague Yearbook of International Law.2003.P.48
63. Paust J. War and Enemy Status after 9/11: Attacks on the Laws of War // Yale Journal of International Law.2003.vol.28,P.326;
64. Peal R. Combatant Status Review Tribunals and the Uniqe Nature of the War on Terror // Vanderbilt Law Review.2005.vol.58.P.1632-1634
65. Pellet A. No, This is not War! // European Journal of International Law-Discussion Forum: The Attack on the World Trade Center: Legal Responses (October 3, 2001).
66. Pellet A., Tzankov V., Can a State Victim of a Terror Act have Recourse to Armed Force? // Humanitares Volkerrecht-Informationsschriften.2004, pp.71.
67. Pellet S., Pellet A. The Aftermath of September 11 // Tilburg Foreign Law Review. 2002.vol.10.P.64-66
68. Pictet J. The Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, Commentary, Fourth Geneva Convention.ICRC.1952. p. 24-25
69. Posner E. Terrorism and the Laws of War // Chicago Journal of International Law.2004.vol.5.P. 433
70. Quenivet N. The Moscow hostage crisis in the Light of the Armed Conflict in Chechnya // Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.2001.
71. Quenivet N. The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Situations of (counter)-Terrorist nature in Arnold R., Hildbrand P. (eds) International Humanitarian Law and the 21th Century Conflicts: Changes and Challenges.Lausanne.2005.
72. Rona G. Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the “War on Terror” // The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs.2003.Vol.27:2.P.57;
73. Roth K. The Law of War in the War on Terror // Foreign Affairs.2004.vol.83.P.2;
74. Rowe P. Responses to Terror: The new “War” // Melbourne Journal of International Law.2002.vol.3.P.308;
75. Rowles P. Responses to Terrorism: Substantive and Procedural Constraints in International Law // 81 ASIL Proclamation.1987.vol.81, pp. 314.
76. Ruys T., Verhoeven S. Attacks by Private Actors and the Right of Self-Defence // Journal of Conflict and Security Law.2005.vol.10.P.314-417
77. Sandoz Y., Swinarski C., Zimmerman B. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.Geneva.1987.para.4453
78. Sassoli M. Unlawful combatants: the Law and Whether it nedd to be Revised // ASIL Proceeding.2003.vol.97, pp. 196-197.
79. Schmitt M. Counter-Terrorism and the Use of Force in International Law. Israeli Yearbook of Human Rights Law.2002.P.110
80. Statman D. Targeted Killing // Theoretical inquiries in Law.2004.vol.5.P.197
81. Stevenson R. President Make it Clear: Phrase is “War on Terror” // New York Times.2005.August 4.
82. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Statement by the North Atlantic Council of September 12, 2001 (Invocation Article V-attacks on US), Press Release (2001) 124 ;
83. Travalio G. Terrorism, International Law and the Use of Military Force // Wisconsin International Law Journal.2000.vol.18.P.160-161
84. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui (Superseding Indictment, June 2002), para. 2.
85. U.S. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, Final Report, 2005, p. 59.
86. UN SC Res. 1368 (September 12, 2001), Threats to International Peace and Security caused by Terrorist Acts, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1368 (2001) ;
87. UN SC Res. 1373 (September 28, 2001), Threats to International Peace and Security caused by Terrorist Acts, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373 (2000);
88. US Department of Defence, Fact Sheet: Guantanamo Detainees.р.2
89. US Department of Justice, Memorandum: Application of Treaties, p. 39
90. US Department of State, Human Rights Report 2001 (Uganda).
91. US Government, National Security Strategy, р.5
92. US President George W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Response to the Terrorist Attack of September 11, September 20,2001.Weekly Compilation of Presidental Documents.2001.N.38.P.1348
93. US Supreme Court, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld et al., pp. 69
94. van den Hole L. Towards a Test of the International Character of an Armed Conflict: Nicaragua and Tadic // Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce .2005.vol.32, pp. 276
95. Voneky S. Die Anwendbarkeit des humanitaren Volkerrechts auf terroristische Akre and ihre Bekampfung in Fleck D. (ed.), Rechtsfragen der Terrorismusbekampfung durch Streitkrafte, Baden-Baden .2004, pp. 157;
96. Voneky S. The Fight against Terrorism and the Rules of the Law of Warfare, in: Walter C., Voneky S., Roben V., Schorkopf F. (eds) Terrorism as a Challenge for Naional and International Law: Security versus Liberty.Berlin.2004.P.948
97. Walter C. Zwischen Selbstverteidigung and Volkerstrafrecht: Bausteine for ein internationales Recht der "praventiven Terrorismus-Bekampfung", in: Fleck D. (ed.), Rechtsfragen der Terrorismusbekampfung durch Streitkrafte, Baden-Baden 2004, pp. 26-27;
98. Watkin K. Controlling Use of Force : A Role of for Human Rights in Contemporary Armed Conflicts // American Journal of Internationa Law.2004.vol.98 .p.t 5.
99. Wedgwood R. Combatants or Criminals? How Washington Should Handle Terrorists: Fighting a War Under its Rules' // Foreign Affairs.2004.vol.83.P.126-129.
100. Батырь В.А. Международное гуманитарное право.М. 2011. С.58
101. Гнатовский Н.Н. Гуманитарное право в международных судебных учреждениях: опасна ли институциональная фрагментация? // Международное правосудие.2012.№1 с.84
102. Саврыга К. Междунаро-правоваяответственность государства нанимателя за противоправные действия частных военных иохранных компаний // Московский журнал международного права.2013.№4.с.81
References
1. Abresch W. A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya // European Journal of International Law. 2005.vol.16, pp. 741-767.
2. Anderson K. Targeted Killing in US counter Terrorism Strategy in: Wittes D. (ed.) Legislating War on Terror: An Agenda for the Reform.Washington.2009.P.358-359.
3. Ansah T. War: Rhetoric & Norm Creation in Response to Terror// Virginia Journal of International Law. (2003).vol.43, pp. 800-818
4. Arai-Takahashi Y. Disentangling Legal Quagmires: The Legal Characterization of the Armed Conflicts in Afganistan since 6/7 October 2001 and Question of Prisoner of War Status // Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.2002.P.66
5. Arnold R. Terrorism and IHL: Common Denominator? In Arnold R., Hildbrand P. (eds) International Humanitarian Law and the 21th Century Conflicts: Changes and Challenges.Lausanne.2005.P.21;
6. Associated Press, Prisoner Abuse Bush Order, 22 June 2004, § 2( a).
7. Aust H. The Normative Environment for Peace-On the Contribution of the ILC's Articles on State Responsibility in: Nolte G. (ed.), Peace through International Law: The Role of the International Law Commission, Heidelberg. 2009, pp.41
8. Baxi U. The "War on Terror" and the "War of Terror": Nomadic Multitudes, Aggressive Incumbents, and the "New" International Law // Osgoode Hall Law .Jornal (2005).vol.43, pp. 8-10;
9. Beard J. Military Action Against Terrorist under International Law. American’s New War on Terror: The Case of Self-Defense under International Law // Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 2002.vol.25, pp.578-582
10. Biggio F., Neutralising the Threat: Reconsidering Existing Doctrines in the Emerging War on Terrorism // Case West Reserve Journal of Internationa Law.2002.vol.34.P.4 ;
11. Borch F. Comparing Perl-Harbor and 9/11: Intelligence Failure? American Unpreparedness? Military Responsibility? // Journal of Military History.2003.vol.67.P.856
12. Borelli S. Treatment of Terrorist Suspects Captured Abroad in the War on Terror // International Review of the Red Cross.2005.vol.857.P.45-46;
13. Brooks R. War Everywhere: Rights, National Security Law, and the Law of Armed Conflicts in the Age of Terror // University Pennsylvania Law Review.2004.vol.153.P.714
14. Byers M., Nolte G. (eds.), United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, Cambridge 2003; Frowein J. Der Terrorismus als Herausforderrung fur das Volkerrecht // Zeitschrift fur auslandishes offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht.2002.P. 885-889;
15. Cassese A. International Law. Oxford.2005.P. 249
16. Cherkasov A., Lokshina T. Chechnya: 10 Years of Armed Conflict. Helsenky Monitor.2005.P.145;
17. Dalton J. What is War? Terrorism as War After 9/11 // Journal of International and Comparative Law.2006.vol.12.pp. 529
18. Detter I. The Laws of War. Cambridge.2000.p.185
19. Dinstein Y. Comments on the Presentations by Nico Krisch and Carsten Stahn in: Walter C., Voneky S., Roben V., Schorkopf F. (eds.), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, Berlin 2004, pp 920
20. Diplomatic Conference 1949, Final Record,Vol.2-B,p.337;
21. European Commission for Democracy through Law, Opinion N.245/2003,para.11
22. Fizpatrick J. Jurisdiction of Military Commissions and the Ambiguous War on Terror // American Journal of International Law.2002.vol.96.P.350;
23. Fleischer A., White House press statement, 7 May 2003: Statement by the Press Secretary on the Geneva Convention
24. Franck T. Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense // American Journal of Internationa Law.2001.vol.95. pp. 839-842;
25. Frowein J. Der Terrorismus als Herausforderrung fur das Volkerrecht // Zeitschrift fur auslandishes offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht.2002.P.889;
26. George W. Bush, White House press conference, 11 October 2001.
27. George W. Bush, White House press statement: Statement by the President in Address to the Nation, 11 September 2001;
28. Goldman R. Certain Legal Questions and Issues Raised by the September 11`' Attacks // Human Rights Brief.2001.vol.9 .pp. 2-4;
29. Greenwood C. War, Terrorism nad International Law // Current Legal Problems.2004.vol.56.P.529;
30. Gross E. The Struggle for Democracy Against Terrorism: Lessons from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Isarael. Charlottesvile.2006.P.53-54
31. Gross, 15 Fla. J. Intl L. (2003), at 433-443.
32. Guiora A. Targetd Killing as Active Self-Defense // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law.2004.vol.36.P.331
33. IACiHR, Abella (La Tablada) Case, para. 155
34. ICJ, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, Judgment of February 26, 2007, para. 404
35. ICJ, Corfu Channel, Merits, Judgment of April 9, 1949, I.C.J. Reports 1949, pp.18; Jennings R., Watts A. (eds.), Oppenheim's International Law, Vol. I (Peace), 9`' ed., Harlow 1992, pp. 449-551.
36. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Nicaragua v. United States of America, Judgment (Merits) of June 27, 1986, I.C.J. Reports 1986, pp. 14-150, at 50-51 (para. 86).
37. ICJ, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, United States of America v. Iran, Merits, Judgment of May 24, 1980, I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 35 (para. 74).
38. ICRC, Report Institute of International Humanitarian Law/ICRC-Roundtable.2003.P.6
39. ICTR, Akayesu Case (Judgment of 2 September 1998), para.619
40. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic and Mario Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2 ("Lasva Valley"), Judgment of February 26, 2001, para. 66.
41. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment (Merits Appeal) of July 15, 1999, reprinted in: 124 Intl L.R. (2003), pp. 118-119 (para. 137).
42. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment of May 7, 1997, reprinted in: 112 Int'l L.R. (1999), pp. 1-285, at 188-192 (paras. 584-588).
43. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on jurisdiction of October 2, 1995, reprinted in: 105 Int'l L.R. (1997), pp. 419-648, at 495-497 (paras. 79-80).
44. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic, Case No. IT-95-14-T, ("Lasva Valley"), Judgment of March 3, 2000, reprinted in: 122 Intl L.R. (2002), pp. 1-250, at 43 (paras. 75-76);
45. ICTY, Tadic Case (Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995), para. 70; ICTY, Delalic Case (Judgment of 16 November 1998), para. 184
46. Israeli Supream Court. Public Committee against Torture in Israel, H.C.J. 5100/94, Judgment September 6, 1999. // Judgment of the Israel Supream Court: Fighting Terrorism within Law. Jerusalem.2005.P.375-408
47. Jinks D. The Applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the "Global War on Terrorism // Virginia Journal of International Law.2005.vol.46.pp.182;
48. Kooijmans P. Is there a Change in the his ad Bellum and if so, What Does it mean for the lus in Bello?', in: Lijnzaad L., von Sam-beck J., Tahzib-Lie B. (eds.), Making the Voice of Humanity Heard: Essays on Humanitarian Assistance and International Humanitarian Law in Honour of HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Leiden. 2004, pp. 235
49. Kotzur M. Krieg gegen den Terrorismus"-politische Rhetorik oder neue Konturen des "Kriegsbegriffes" im Volkerrecht? // 40 AVR (2002), pp. 454-479.
50. KretzimerD. Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorist: Extrajudicial Execution or Legitimate Means of Defence? // European Journal of International Law.2005.vol.16.P.194
51. Lavoyer J-P. International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism in Lijnzaad L., von Sam-beck J., Tahzib-Lie B. (eds.), Making the Voice of Humanity Heard: Essays on Humanitarian Assistance and International Humanitarian Law in Honour of HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Leiden. 2004, pp. 262
52. Lietzau W. Combating Terrorism: The Consequences of Moving from Law Enforcement to War in Wippman D.; Evangelista M. (eds.), New Wars, New Laws? Applying the Laws of War in 21" Century Conflicts, Ardsley, N.Y. 2005, pp. 31-51, at 41-47;
53. McCarthy A. Terrorism on Trial: The Trials of al Qaeda // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law.2004.vol.36.P.518-520
54. Melzer N. Targeted Killing in International law.Oxford.2010.P.262-269;
55. Meron T. Classification of Armed Conflicts in Former Yugoslavia: Nicaragua Fallout // Amercan Journal of International Law.1998.vol.92.P.237
56. Neuman G. Humanitarian Law and Counterterrorst Force // European journal of International Law.2003.vol. 14.P.296;
57. Newton M. Unlawfull Belligerency After September 11: History Revisited and Law Revised in Wippman D., Evangelista M. New Wars, New Laws? Applying the Laws of War in 21th Century Conflicts.New York. 2005.P.79
58. OAS, Convocation of the Twenty-Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs to Serve as Organ of Consultation in Application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, OEA/Ser G, CP/RES. 797 (1293/01), September 19, 2001;
59. OAS, Twenty-Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Resolution on Terrorist Threat to the Americas, OEA/Ser.F/I1.24, RC.24/RES.1 /01 (September 21, 2001).;
60. O'Connell M. The Legal Case Against the Global War on Terror // 36 Case W. Res. J. Intl L. (2004).vol.36, pp. 349-357, at 349;
61. Otto R. Targeted Killing and International Law.Springer.2010. P.486
62. Patel King F., Swaak-Goldman O. The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the “War against Terrorism” // Hague Yearbook of International Law.2003.P.48
63. Paust J. War and Enemy Status after 9/11: Attacks on the Laws of War // Yale Journal of International Law.2003.vol.28,P.326;
64. Peal R. Combatant Status Review Tribunals and the Uniqe Nature of the War on Terror // Vanderbilt Law Review.2005.vol.58.P.1632-1634
65. Pellet A. No, This is not War! // European Journal of International Law-Discussion Forum: The Attack on the World Trade Center: Legal Responses (October 3, 2001).
66. Pellet A., Tzankov V., Can a State Victim of a Terror Act have Recourse to Armed Force? // Humanitares Volkerrecht-Informationsschriften.2004, pp.71.
67. Pellet S., Pellet A. The Aftermath of September 11 // Tilburg Foreign Law Review. 2002.vol.10.P.64-66
68. Pictet J. The Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, Commentary, Fourth Geneva Convention.ICRC.1952. p. 24-25
69. Posner E. Terrorism and the Laws of War // Chicago Journal of International Law.2004.vol.5.P. 433
70. Quenivet N. The Moscow hostage crisis in the Light of the Armed Conflict in Chechnya // Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.2001.
71. Quenivet N. The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Situations of (counter)-Terrorist nature in Arnold R., Hildbrand P. (eds) International Humanitarian Law and the 21th Century Conflicts: Changes and Challenges.Lausanne.2005.
72. Rona G. Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the “War on Terror” // The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs.2003.Vol.27:2.P.57;
73. Roth K. The Law of War in the War on Terror // Foreign Affairs.2004.vol.83.P.2;
74. Rowe P. Responses to Terror: The new “War” // Melbourne Journal of International Law.2002.vol.3.P.308;
75. Rowles P. Responses to Terrorism: Substantive and Procedural Constraints in International Law // 81 ASIL Proclamation.1987.vol.81, pp. 314.
76. Ruys T., Verhoeven S. Attacks by Private Actors and the Right of Self-Defence // Journal of Conflict and Security Law.2005.vol.10.P.314-417
77. Sandoz Y., Swinarski C., Zimmerman B. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.Geneva.1987.para.4453
78. Sassoli M. Unlawful combatants: the Law and Whether it nedd to be Revised // ASIL Proceeding.2003.vol.97, pp. 196-197.
79. Schmitt M. Counter-Terrorism and the Use of Force in International Law. Israeli Yearbook of Human Rights Law.2002.P.110
80. Statman D. Targeted Killing // Theoretical inquiries in Law.2004.vol.5.P.197
81. Stevenson R. President Make it Clear: Phrase is “War on Terror” // New York Times.2005.August 4.
82. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Statement by the North Atlantic Council of September 12, 2001 (Invocation Article V-attacks on US), Press Release (2001) 124 ;
83. Travalio G. Terrorism, International Law and the Use of Military Force // Wisconsin International Law Journal.2000.vol.18.P.160-161
84. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui (Superseding Indictment, June 2002), para. 2.
85. U.S. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, Final Report, 2005, p. 59.
86. UN SC Res. 1368 (September 12, 2001), Threats to International Peace and Security caused by Terrorist Acts, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1368 (2001) ;
87. UN SC Res. 1373 (September 28, 2001), Threats to International Peace and Security caused by Terrorist Acts, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373 (2000);
88. US Department of Defence, Fact Sheet: Guantanamo Detainees.r.2
89. US Department of Justice, Memorandum: Application of Treaties, p. 39
90. US Department of State, Human Rights Report 2001 (Uganda).
91. US Government, National Security Strategy, r.5
92. US President George W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Response to the Terrorist Attack of September 11, September 20,2001.Weekly Compilation of Presidental Documents.2001.N.38.P.1348
93. US Supreme Court, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld et al., pp. 69
94. van den Hole L. Towards a Test of the International Character of an Armed Conflict: Nicaragua and Tadic // Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce .2005.vol.32, pp. 276
95. Voneky S. Die Anwendbarkeit des humanitaren Volkerrechts auf terroristische Akre and ihre Bekampfung in Fleck D. (ed.), Rechtsfragen der Terrorismusbekampfung durch Streitkrafte, Baden-Baden .2004, pp. 157;
96. Voneky S. The Fight against Terrorism and the Rules of the Law of Warfare, in: Walter C., Voneky S., Roben V., Schorkopf F. (eds) Terrorism as a Challenge for Naional and International Law: Security versus Liberty.Berlin.2004.P.948
97. Walter C. Zwischen Selbstverteidigung and Volkerstrafrecht: Bausteine for ein internationales Recht der "praventiven Terrorismus-Bekampfung", in: Fleck D. (ed.), Rechtsfragen der Terrorismusbekampfung durch Streitkrafte, Baden-Baden 2004, pp. 26-27;
98. Watkin K. Controlling Use of Force : A Role of for Human Rights in Contemporary Armed Conflicts // American Journal of Internationa Law.2004.vol.98 .p.t 5.
99. Wedgwood R. Combatants or Criminals? How Washington Should Handle Terrorists: Fighting a War Under its Rules' // Foreign Affairs.2004.vol.83.P.126-129.
100. Batyr' V.A. Mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo.M. 2011. S.58
101. Gnatovskiy N.N. Gumanitarnoe pravo v mezhdunarodnykh sudebnykh uchrezhdeniyakh: opasna li institutsional'naya fragmentatsiya? // Mezhdunarodnoe pravosudie.2012.№1 s.84
102. Savryga K. Mezhdunaro-pravovayaotvetstvennost' gosudarstva nanimatelya za protivopravnye deystviya chastnykh voennykh iokhrannykh kompaniy // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava.2013.№4.s.81
Издательство
 
Авторам
 
Услуги
 
Разное
 
Наши сайты

© 1998 – 2024 Nota Bene. Publishing Technologies. NB-Media Ltd.