Перевести страницу на:  
Please select your language to translate the article


You can just close the window to don't translate
Библиотека
ваш профиль

Вернуться к содержанию

Space Research
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Approaches to a POssible Model for Space Resources Mining Regulations / Approaches to a POssible Model for Space Resources Mining Regulations

Попова Светлана Михайловна

ORCID: 0000-0002-1348-4492

кандидат политических наук

ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт демографических исследований ФНИСЦ РАН

119333, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Фотиевой, 6, оф. 1

Popova Svetlana Mikhailovna

PhD in Politics

Leading Research Associate, Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Fotievoi Str., 6/1, Moscow, 119333, Russia

sv-2002-1@yandex.ru
Другие публикации этого автора
 

 
Яник Андрей Александрович

ORCID: 0000-0002-1599-6280

кандидат технических наук

ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт демографических исследований ФНИСЦ РАН

119333, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Фотиевой, 6, оф. 1

Yanik Andrey Aleksandrovich

PhD in Technical Science

Leading Research Associate, Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Moscow, Fotievoi Str., 6/1, Moscow, 119333, Russia

cpi_2002_1@yahoo.co.uk
Другие публикации этого автора
 

 

DOI:

10.7256/2453-8817.2018.1.27372

Дата направления статьи в редакцию:

08-09-2018


Дата публикации:

15-09-2018


Аннотация: Статья вносит вклад в дискуссии о создании возможной правовой модели регулирования деятельности по разведке, добыче и использованию космических ресурсов. Показано, что нахождение способа должного урегулирования сферы добычи космических ископаемых не является чисто юридической проблемой. Прежде всего, это проблема поиска международного консенсуса в части выбора модели принципиальной системы, в рамках которой будет развиваться деятельность по добыче космических ресурсов. Анализ актуальных дискуссий показывает, что юридическая теория не способна предложить правовую модель, которая была бы равным образом поддержана всеми странами ООН. Авторы отмечают практическую полезность расширения контекста, в котором происходит анализ проблем, связанных с регулированием добычи космических ресурсов. В статье формулируются некоторые условия для достижения консенсуса, а также предложения по возможным практическим решениям. В частности, предлагается обсудить идею о возможности сбалансировать шаги по либерализации экономической деятельности в космическом пространстве принятием норм, которые юридически обяжут компании, занимающиеся добычей космических ресурсов, выделять определенную долю прибыли от этой деятельности на развитие возможностей космических исследований для развивающихся стран.


Ключевые слова:

Космическое право, Космическая политика, Космическая экономика, ООН, UNOOSA, Космические ресурсы, Частная космическая деятельность, Освоение космоса, Правовая модель, Мягкое право

Abstract: The co-authors present their ideas to contribute to the UNOOSA discussions on a possible legal model of regulating the space resources exploration, exploitation, and utilization. It is shown that finding modalities to regulate the field of space resources mining properly is not a purely legal problem. It is a problem of seeking the international consensus for choosing an operating model the Space resources mining activities will develop within. The analysis of current discussions marks that the legal philosophy cannot be able to propose the legal model which would be endorsed by all UN countries. In today’s context, it would be more useful to start with the search for workable solutions which most of UN countries will consider as politically fair and economically efficient ones. The authors note the practical benefit of analysis the issues of space resources regulations from different perspectives and give some modalities for a consensus to find as well as proposals for action. In particular, the authors suggest for discussion the proposal to balance the potential permission to perform the freedom of economic activity in Outer Space by the legally binding norms requiring bodies involved in the space resources mining to allocate a certain share of the profits from this activity to develop space exploration opportunities for the non-space countries.


Keywords:

Space Law, Space Policy, Space Economy, UN, UNOOSA, Space Resources, Commercial Space Activity, Space Exploration, Legal Model, Soft Law

Библиография
1. The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015. Public Law 114-90. Nov. 25, 2015. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262/text (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
2. Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources de l’espace // Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 28.07.2017. URL : http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
3. Communication Satellite Act of 1962. URL: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg419.pdf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
4. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, Fifty-fifth session, Vienna, 4-15 April 2016. Draft report ‘IV. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space’ paragraphs 21–30.
5. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its fifty-fifth session, held in Vienna from 4 to 15 April 2016. A/AC.105/1113. 27 April 2016. P. 12. Paragraph 69.
6. Rummel J. D. One Small Step for Space Resources // SpaceNews. December, 9. 2015. URL: http://spacenews.com/op-ed-the-next-steps-for-space-resources/#sthash.rD4m6gnw.dpuf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018)
7. Luxembourg space exploration laws criticized // Luxembourg Times. 02 Aug. 2017. URL: https://luxtimes.lu/archives/1432-luxembourg-space-exploration-laws-criticised (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
8. Белькова Л., Корчмарек Н. «Компрометирует принцип международного права»: «Роскосмос» — о законе Люксембурга о добыче ресурсов в космосе частниками // Russia Today. 05 октября 2017. URL: https://russian.rt.com/science/article/436642-roskosmos-iskopaemye-kosmos-lyuksemburg (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
9. Feider M., Levine T., Graas J. Luxembourg Space Resources Act: Paving the legal road to space // Allen&Overy. 28 Sept. 2017. URL: http://www.allenovery.com/publications/en-gb/Pages/Luxembourg-Space-Resources-Act-Paving-the-legal-road-to-space.aspx (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
10. Thailly L., Schneider F. Luxembourg set to become Europe's commercial space exploration hub with new Space Law. 01 Aug. 2017. URL: http://www.ogier.com/news/the-luxembourg-space-law# (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
11. Masson-Zwaan T., Richards B. International Perspectives on Space Resource Rights // SpaceNews. December 8. 2015. URL: http://spacenews.com/op-ed-international-perspectives-on-space-resource-rights/#sthash.qUo6j9VQ.dpuf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
12. Tronchetti F. Title IV – Space Resource Exploration and Utilization of the US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act: A Legal and Political Assessment // Air and Space Law. 2016. Vol. 41. Issue 2. Pp. 143–156.
13. Tronchetti F. The Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: A move forward or a step back? // Space Policy. 2015. Vol. 34. Pp. 6-10.
14. Jakhu R., Pelton J. N., Nyampong Y. O. M. Space Mining and Its Regulation. Springer Praxis Books, 2016. 180 p.
15. Gorove S. Freedom Of Exploration And Use In The Outer Space Treaty // Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 1971. Vol. 1. No 1. P. 93-107. URL: http://djilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Volume-1-Number-1-Chapter-3-Freedom-of-Exploration-and-Use-in-the-Outer-Space-Treaty.pdf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
16. Koerth-Baker M. Who Makes the Rules for Outer Space? // NovaNext. November 30, 2015. URL: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/space-law/ (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
17. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its fifty-fifth session, held in Vienna from 4 to 15 April 2016. A/AC.105/1113. 27 April 2016. P. 13. Paragraph 71. URL: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac.105/aac.1051113_0.html (дата обращения: 06.08.2018)
18. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Fifty-third session. Vienna, 15-26 February 2016. Reviewing opportunities for achieving the Vienna Consensus on Space Security encompassing several regulatory domains. Working paper submitted by the Russian Federation. A/AC.105/C.1/2016/CRP.15. 16 February 2016. 27 p. URL: http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/ aac_105c_12016crp/aac_105c_12016crp_15_0_html/AC105_C1_2016_CRP15E.pdf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
19. Space Strategy for Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 26.10.2016. COM(2016) 705 final. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/COM-2016-705-F1-EN-MAIN.PDF (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
20. Horizon 2020. Work Programme 2018-2020. 5.iii. Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies – Space. European Commission Decision C(2018)4708 of 24 July 2018. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-leit-space_en.pdf (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
21. China Dream, Space Dream: China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States. 2015. 148 p. URL: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China%20Dream%20Space%20Dream_Report.pdf (06.08.2018).
22. Commercial Space Activities // SpacePolicyOnline.com. Jul 04, 2018. URL: https://spacepolicyonline.com/topics/commercial-space-activities/ (дата обращения: 06.08.2018).
23. The space industry is now 2% of Luxembourg’s GDP, deputy prime minister Etienne Schneider says // CNBS. 11 Nov. 2017. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/11/etienne-schneider-the-space-industry-is-now-2-percent-of-luxembourgs-gdp.html (дата обращения: 06.08.2018)
References
1. The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015. Public Law 114-90. Nov. 25, 2015. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262/text (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
2. Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources de l’espace // Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 28.07.2017. URL : http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
3. Communication Satellite Act of 1962. URL: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg419.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
4. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, Fifty-fifth session, Vienna, 4-15 April 2016. Draft report ‘IV. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space’ paragraphs 21–30.
5. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its fifty-fifth session, held in Vienna from 4 to 15 April 2016. A/AC.105/1113. 27 April 2016. P. 12. Paragraph 69.
6. Rummel J. D. One Small Step for Space Resources // SpaceNews. December, 9. 2015. URL: http://spacenews.com/op-ed-the-next-steps-for-space-resources/#sthash.rD4m6gnw.dpuf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018)
7. Luxembourg space exploration laws criticized // Luxembourg Times. 02 Aug. 2017. URL: https://luxtimes.lu/archives/1432-luxembourg-space-exploration-laws-criticised (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
8. Bel'kova L., Korchmarek N. «Komprometiruet printsip mezhdunarodnogo prava»: «Roskosmos» — o zakone Lyuksemburga o dobyche resursov v kosmose chastnikami // Russia Today. 05 oktyabrya 2017. URL: https://russian.rt.com/science/article/436642-roskosmos-iskopaemye-kosmos-lyuksemburg (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
9. Feider M., Levine T., Graas J. Luxembourg Space Resources Act: Paving the legal road to space // Allen&Overy. 28 Sept. 2017. URL: http://www.allenovery.com/publications/en-gb/Pages/Luxembourg-Space-Resources-Act-Paving-the-legal-road-to-space.aspx (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
10. Thailly L., Schneider F. Luxembourg set to become Europe's commercial space exploration hub with new Space Law. 01 Aug. 2017. URL: http://www.ogier.com/news/the-luxembourg-space-law# (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
11. Masson-Zwaan T., Richards B. International Perspectives on Space Resource Rights // SpaceNews. December 8. 2015. URL: http://spacenews.com/op-ed-international-perspectives-on-space-resource-rights/#sthash.qUo6j9VQ.dpuf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
12. Tronchetti F. Title IV – Space Resource Exploration and Utilization of the US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act: A Legal and Political Assessment // Air and Space Law. 2016. Vol. 41. Issue 2. Pp. 143–156.
13. Tronchetti F. The Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: A move forward or a step back? // Space Policy. 2015. Vol. 34. Pp. 6-10.
14. Jakhu R., Pelton J. N., Nyampong Y. O. M. Space Mining and Its Regulation. Springer Praxis Books, 2016. 180 p.
15. Gorove S. Freedom Of Exploration And Use In The Outer Space Treaty // Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 1971. Vol. 1. No 1. P. 93-107. URL: http://djilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Volume-1-Number-1-Chapter-3-Freedom-of-Exploration-and-Use-in-the-Outer-Space-Treaty.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
16. Koerth-Baker M. Who Makes the Rules for Outer Space? // NovaNext. November 30, 2015. URL: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/space-law/ (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
17. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its fifty-fifth session, held in Vienna from 4 to 15 April 2016. A/AC.105/1113. 27 April 2016. P. 13. Paragraph 71. URL: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac.105/aac.1051113_0.html (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018)
18. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Fifty-third session. Vienna, 15-26 February 2016. Reviewing opportunities for achieving the Vienna Consensus on Space Security encompassing several regulatory domains. Working paper submitted by the Russian Federation. A/AC.105/C.1/2016/CRP.15. 16 February 2016. 27 p. URL: http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/ aac_105c_12016crp/aac_105c_12016crp_15_0_html/AC105_C1_2016_CRP15E.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
19. Space Strategy for Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 26.10.2016. COM(2016) 705 final. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/COM-2016-705-F1-EN-MAIN.PDF (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
20. Horizon 2020. Work Programme 2018-2020. 5.iii. Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies – Space. European Commission Decision C(2018)4708 of 24 July 2018. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-leit-space_en.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
21. China Dream, Space Dream: China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States. 2015. 148 p. URL: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China%20Dream%20Space%20Dream_Report.pdf (06.08.2018).
22. Commercial Space Activities // SpacePolicyOnline.com. Jul 04, 2018. URL: https://spacepolicyonline.com/topics/commercial-space-activities/ (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018).
23. The space industry is now 2% of Luxembourg’s GDP, deputy prime minister Etienne Schneider says // CNBS. 11 Nov. 2017. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/11/etienne-schneider-the-space-industry-is-now-2-percent-of-luxembourgs-gdp.html (data obrashcheniya: 06.08.2018)