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Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations
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Шугуров М.В. Соглашение ТРИПС, международный трансфер технологий и последствия усиления защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности

Аннотация: Предметом исследования является содержание и последствия реализации Соглашения о торговых аспектах прав интеллектуальной собственности (ТРИПС) на международный трансфер технологий в развивающиеся страны. Автор подробно останавливается на вопросах, возникающих при защите прав на передаваемые технологии, преимущественно патентных прав, в процессе передачи и диффузии разнообразных технологий. Помимо этого в статье исследуется логика международных усилий по защите прав интеллектуальной собственности до принятия ТРИПС. Автор детально рассматривает содержание ст. 7 и 8, в которых предусматривается баланс между правами и интересами правообладателей с одной стороны, и правами и интересами пользователей технологий - с другой. В статье анализируются проблемы передачи технологий в наименее развитые страны в свете ст. 66.2 ТРИПС. Важное место в исследовании занимает анализ дискуссий относительно последствий имплементации ТРИПС, связанных с несомненным усилением защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности для международного трансфера технологий. Автором сделан вывод о том, что при переходе к эпохе "ТРИПС-плюс" развивающиеся страны оказываются заинтересованными в настойчивой реализации потенциала ТРИПС, а именно гибких механизмов, предусмотренных в данном Соглашении. В качестве методологической основы исследования выступает концепция, рассматривающая передаваемые технологии в качестве глобальных благ. Автор исходит также из общего видения противоречивого воздействия прав интеллектуальной собственности на достижения целей международного трансфера технологий. Особую методологическую ценность для статьи имела концепция о том, что права интеллектуальной собственности должны выступать не барьером, а инструментом передачи технологий, без которых реализация права на развитие сегодня не представима. Основными выводами проведенного исследования выступают положения о неоднозначном характере воздействия ТРИПС на международный трансфер технологий. При этом данный вывод конкретизируется относительно различных групп государств. Особым вкладом автора в исследование темы стал системный анализ места прав интеллектуальной собственности в международном обмене технологическими достижениями. Новизна исследования заключается в формулировке аргументированного подхода о том, что несмотря на акцентирование торговых и экономических аспектов передачи технологий, положения ТРИПС в целом базируются на принципе баланса интересов развитых и развивающихся государств и отличаются преимуществами по сравнению с положениями ТРИПС-плюс.


Ключевые слова:

ТРИПС, международный трансфер технологий, право на развитие, патенты, развивающиеся государства, глобализация, формирование потенциала, интеллектуальная собственность, ТРИПС-плюс, гибкие механизмы

Abstract: The subject of this research is the content and consequences of the execution of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) upon the international transfer of technologies into developing countries. The author gives a detailed attention to the issues arising in protection of rights to the transfer technologies, predominantly the patent rights, in the process of transfer and diffusion of various technologies. The article also analyzes the logic of international efforts on protection of intellectual property prior to the TRIPS agreement. The author gives a detailed examination to the content of Articles 7 and 8, which provide balance between the rights and interests of the copyright holders on one side, and the rights and interests of the users on the other. This research addresses the issue of transfer of technologies to the less developed countries in light of the Article 66.2 of the TRIPS agreement. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the positions on the ambiguous nature of the effect of TRIPS upon the international transfer of technologies. Moreover, this conclusion is concretized pertaining to various groups of countries. The author’s contribution into the research of this topic is the systemic analysis of the place of rights of intellectual property within the international exchange of technological achievements.  

Keywords:

capacity building, globalization, developing countries, patents, right to development, international technology transfer, TRIPS, intellectual property rights, TRIPS-plus, flexibilities


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